9- Universe

The universe is defined as everything that physically exists: the entirety of space and time, all forms of matter, energy and momentum, and the physical laws and constants that govern them. However, the term universe may be used in slightly different contextual senses, denoting such concepts as the cosmos, the world or Nature.
Current interpretations of astronomical observations indicate that the age of the universe is (13.73 ± 0.12) billion years, and that its diameter is at least 93 billion light years, or 8.80 ×1026 metres.
According to the prevailing scientific model of the universe, known as the Big Bang, the universe expanded from a gravitational singularity, a point in spacetime at which all the matter and energy of the observable universe was concentrated. Since the singularity, the universe has been expanding to its present form, possibly with a "brief period" of cosmic inflation. Several independent experimental measurements support this theoretical expansion and, more generally, the Big Bang theory. Recent observations indicate that this expansion is accelerating because of the low density of the universe, and that most of the matter and energy in the universe is fundamentally different from that observed on Earth and not directly observable. The imprecision of current observations has hindered predictions of the ultimate fate of the universe.
Experiments and observations suggest that the universe has been governed by the same physical laws and constants throughout its extent and history. The dominant force at cosmological distances is gravity, and general relativity is currently the most accurate theory of gravitation. The remaining three fundamental forces and all the known particles on which they act are described by the Standard Model. The universe has at least three dimensions of space and one of time, although extremely small additional dimensions cannot be ruled out experimentally. Spacetime appears to be smooth and simply connected, and space has very small mean curvature, so that Euclidean geometry is accurate on the average throughout the universe. Conversely, on a quantum scale spacetime is highly turbulent.
The word universe is usually defined as encompassing everything. However some scientists speculate that this "universe" is just one of many disconnected "universes", which are collectively denoted as the multiverse. For example, in bubble universe theory, there are an infinite variety of "universes", each with different physical constants. Similarly, in the many-worlds hypothesis, new "universes" are spawned with every quantum measurement. Since these universes are, by definition, disconnected from our own, these speculations cannot be tested experimentally.